Dagostino gettysburg college a metaanalysis of research on zajoncs 1968 mere exposure effect indicated that stimuli perceived without awareness produce substantially larger exposure effects than do stimuli that are consciously perceived bornstein, 1989a. One explanation for this bias is the affect heuristic. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that the. Zajonc 1968 postulated that there might be biological significance to the effect so that a stimulus presented for the first time evokes an instinctive fear reaction p. Schellings model of segregation, mere exposure effect, architec. We suggest that repeated exposure influences evaluations. This lesson discusses the noted social psychologist robert zajonc, focusing on his theory of social facilitation, which examines why people perform tasks differently with an audience. The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his. Zajonc, attitudinal effects of mere exposure, journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement 9 1968, 1 27. Proximity and the mere exposure effect in social psychology. Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the mere exposure effect isnt limited to just one of our senses. Zajoncs affective model, the original and modified twofactor models, and processing fluency.
In the mererepeatedexposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly. The mere exposure effect and classical conditioning 3 introduction the mere exposure effect in 1968, robert zajonc conducted a study which found that repeated exposures to neutral stimuli, such as nonsense words and chinese characters, led to those stimuli being rated more highly on likert scales than stimuli that had never been presented. Professor robert zajonc pronounced zyeunts died of pancreatic cancer on december 3, 2008, at his home in palo alto, california. Zajonc3 1university of georgia, 2university of southern california, and 3stanford university abstract the present research examined the possibility that re. An unobtrusive test hazelmarkus the university of michigan received august 8, 1977 an unobstrusive experimental manipulation was used to test the hypothesis that the mere presence of. There are a multitude of theories for the mere exposure effect e. In each case, repeated exposure was found to enhance subjects feelings of attraction toward the people represented in the stimulus materials. Wls carried out to test the hypo thesis that the mere repeated exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of the ss attitude toward it. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of the mere exposure effect is well established at this point. In the mere repeated exposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individuals emerging preference for that object. Oct 28, 2016 mere exposure effect meaning mere exposure effe. There is a widely accepted view that recognition inhibits the mee. In the mererepeatedexposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records.
In his original article, zajonc 1968 reported a variety of data which support this hypothesis. Examination of different explanations for the mere. Vast literature on the mere repeated exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or. Memory, marketing and the mere exposure effect shura. The scholar who is best known for developing the mere exposure effect is robert zajonc. This article on mere exposure is adapted from an online course that i just launched, the science of subliminal influence, available exclusively on. One of my psychology pieces, explaining how coaction effects the action of things cockroaches.
Jul 09, 2019 zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of the mere exposure effect is well established at this point. Explanations of the mere exposure effect affective models several models have been proposed to explain the mere exposure effect. Vast literature on the mererepeatedexposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. Mere exposure instructions influence liking article pdf available in experimental psychology 645 april 2017 with 1,506 reads how we measure reads.
November 23, 1923 december 3, 2008 was a polishborn american social psychologist who is known for his decades of work on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. The mere exposure effect was first systematically examined by robert zajonc, who reported his findings in the influential 1968 article attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Mere exposure effect definition the mere exposure effect describes the phenomenon that simply encountering a stimulus repeatedly somehow makes one like it more. Curious is a neat website where you pay a low monthly subscription to learn about all sort of neat things, ranging from academic topics like psychology to more skilldevelopment topics like art, design, and writing. And zajonc that mere exposure to others can produce feelings of attraction. Even with 50 years of mere exposure research, architectural design has yet to imple. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus object enhances his or her attitude toward it. Six studies are presented as a naturalistic investigation of the effects of mere exposure to images in his collection and to those matched to them.
Website software copyright 2019, archieboy holdings, llc. Dagostino gettysburg college a metaanalysis of research on zajonc s 1968 mere exposure effect indicated that stimuli perceived without awareness produce substantially larger exposure effects than do stimuli that are consciously perceived bornstein, 1989a. Here we investigated this question by presenting participants with different odors varying in a priori. Zajonc theorized that the more often individuals came into contact with a.
Bob often drew on comparative psychology, and conducted several comparative studies on animals with other colleagues again and again over several decades. According to zajonc mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it. The continuation and prevalence of this proximity revealed the mere exposure effect in the research field. By mere exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to the individuals perception. The mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to. Mar 08, 2020 attitudinal effects of mere exposure zajonc 1968 pdf attitudinal effects of mere exposure1. Imprinting and the development of object preference in chicks by mere repeated exposure. Evidence from psychophysiological and individual differences approaches eddie harmonjones university of wisconsinmadison john j. For example, babies smile at the people who smile at them more. In a firstyear proseminar series in social psychol. Journal of comparative and physiological psychology. This experiment confirms zajonc s mere exposure effect, by simply presenting the black bag over and over again to the students their attitudes were changed, or as zajonc states mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it.
Sales department of psychology, carnegiemellon university zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. Zajonc also conducted research in the areas of social facilitation, and theories of emotion, such as the affective neuroscience. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that the effect is very robust and r the mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that. Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect robert f. Clearly, mere exposure can influence attraction under a variety of. This mererepeatedexposure effect is found in a variety of contexts, for a wide assortment of stimuli, using diverse procedures, and among both humans and nonhuman animals. Zajonc 1968 has recently argued that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. The main objective of this study was to test if mereexposure zajonc, 1968, 2001, measured as the amount of media exposure participants reported.
He presented two kinds of evidence in support of the mere exposure effect. The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. Zajonc university of michigan received december 3, 1980 two experiments explored the relationship between familiarity, similarity, and attraction. Zajonc also conducted research in the areas of social. The effect of mere presence on social facilitation. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words, chinese characters, paintings, pictures of faces, geometric figures, and sounds. Historically, bob was always interested in the merebasic, fundamental processes. In the mererepeatedexposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individuals emerging preference for that object. So maybe zajonc is right, and the more times we see a picture, we tend to like it more. The impact of mereexposure and social identity theory. Gustave caillebotte was a painter, a collector of some of his colleagues most renowned works, and a major force in the creation of the late 19th century french impressionist canon.
Robert boleslaw zajonc was a polishborn american social psychologist who is known for his decades of work on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. Pdf the mere exposure effect refers to the wellestablished finding that people. T he mere exposure effect is a phenomenon by which peo. Perhaps the stimulus is a painting on the wall, a melody on a radio, or a face of a person you pass by every daysomehow all these stimuli tend to grow on. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement. The goal is to create a more diverse and sustainable community through an informed understanding of how space and program influence behavior. Vast literature on the mere repeated exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph. Some of these experiments involved manipulations of the amount of. Aug 12, 2012 one of my psychology pieces, explaining how coaction effects the action of things cockroaches. Gustave caillebotte, french impressionism, and mere exposure.
The extent to which such a phenomenon influences evaluation of a priori emotional stimuli remains underinvestigated. My own introduction to the work of zajonc was as a graduate student through reading of one of these comparative studies, the one that studied social facilitation in cockroaches zajonc et al. The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the. The fact of having already encountered something encourages future preference, a phenomenon known as the mere exposure effect mee. November 23, 1923 december 3, 2008 was a polish born american social psychologist who is known for his decades of work on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. Allen university of arizona affective models of the mere exposure effect propose that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the positive affect or reduces the. Jul 03, 2015 since then, this mere exposure effect has become one of the most inspiring and studied phenomena in psychology bornstein, 1989. The scholar who is best known for developing the mereexposure effect is robert zajonc. The mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. The following experiment provided such a test by utilizing a betweensubject design in an extension of the zajonc, swap, harrison, and roberts 1971 research. But before we talk about his theories, lets talk a little bit about zajonc s biography.
The mere exposure effect and classical conditioning. One study investigated the association between mere exposure and attraction. The mere exposure effect depends on an odors initial. In the classical paradigm used to investigate the mere exposure effect, participants are presented with a series of stimuli at different exposure frequencies within a limited time window. Robert zajonc was a noted social psychologist who came up with a theory known as social facilitation. Mere exposure instructions influence liking article pdf available in experimental psychology 645 april 2017. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement volume 9, no. The mere exposure effect is simply a psychological phenomenon whereby people feel a preference for people or things simply because they are familiar. Bob zajonc and the unconscious emotion piotr winkielman department of psychology, university of california, san diego, usa and warsaw school of social psychology, poland abstract this article focuses on bob zajoncs views on unconscious emotion, especially in the context of the debates about the independence of affect and cognition. Zajonc, 1968 is that exposure to a stimulus, without any reinforcement, tends to enhance liking of that stimulus. One half of the thesis that bob was a biopsychologist is the claim that he was a comparative psychologist. The majority of ad exposure occurs under incidental conditionswhere the audiences attention is focused elsewheresuch as reading a magazine or browsing a web page, approximating the mere exposure condition, in which the target stimulus is made just accessible to the individuals perception zajonc 1968, 1.
This article focuses on bob zajoncs views on unconscious emotion, especially in the context of the debates about the independ ence of affect and cognition. Zajonc university of michigan the hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. Social psychology network is maintaining this profile for visitors who wish to learn more about professor zajoncs work. Jan 17, 2017 this showed that mere exposure alone could lead to greater liking of a stimulus object. Zajonc 1965 hypothesized that the present other does not need to engage in any sort of behavior at all to produce effects of an individuals performance. This mere repeated exposure effect is found in a variety of contexts, for a wide assortment of stimuli, using diverse procedures, and among both humans and nonhuman animals. Zajonc3 1university of georgia, 2university of southern california, and 3stanford university abstract the present research examined the possibility that repeated exposure may simultaneously produce specific and diffuse effects. Document resume cs 200 704 becker, lee b doolittle. The mere exposure phenomenon refers to improvement of ones attitude toward an a priori neutral stimulus after its repeated exposure. Affective models of the mere exposure effect propose that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the positive affect or reduces the negative affect toward the stimulus, whereas recent cognitive models propose that affect is not involved in the mere exposure effect. Document resume cs 200 704 becker, lee b doolittle, john c.
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